{"id":37055,"date":"2024-03-19T01:32:45","date_gmt":"2024-03-18T22:32:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uomosul.edu.iq\/afcar\/?p=37055"},"modified":"2024-03-19T01:35:59","modified_gmt":"2024-03-18T22:35:59","slug":"%d9%85%d9%82%d8%af%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%b9%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b2%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%a7%d9%81%d8%b8%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%82","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uomosul.edu.iq\/afcar\/2024\/03\/19\/%d9%85%d9%82%d8%af%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%b9%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b2%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%a7%d9%81%d8%b8%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%82\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0623.\u062f. \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0628\u0648<\/p>\n

\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644<\/strong><\/p>\n

Prepared by Prof. Dr. Abdulsattar Asmair Alrijabo
\nDirector of Center for Arid Farming and Conservation Agriculture Research\u2019s (CAFCAR) at University of Mosul
\nLocal leader of the Conservation Agriculture Program in Nineveh province.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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FAO defined Conservation Agriculture as a farming system that promotes minimum soil disturbance (i.e. No tillage), maintenance of a permanent soil cover, and diversity of plant species. It enhances biodiversity and natural biological processes above and below the ground surface, which contribute to increased water and nutrient use efficiency and to improved and sustained crop production.(8)
\nAlrijabo (2012) defined zero tillage as implementing the sowing process without pre plowing the field with minimizing soil disturbance at the sowing process, zero tillage is a modern scientific vision for an old application of sowing process that was practiced by man depending on the environmental balance without any harm or waste of natural resources of water, soil and its organic and vital components.(2)
\nInformation about the target point and the old farming systems prevailing in Nineveh Province, northern Iraq, as a representative of rain-fed agriculture:
\nNineveh Province is considered as the most important province in Iraq in cereal production, so it is called the bread basket of Iraq. The total area of Nineveh Province is 32,308 square kilometers, including the agricultural area which about 1.64 million hectares. The agricultural lands in Nineveh Province are classified according to the rain rates to three regions, the first is a high rainfall area HRA (more than 500 mm), the second is a moderate rainfall area (300-500 mm), and the third is low rainfall area LRA (200 – 300 mm). Rain-fed agriculture in Nineveh constitutes about 95% of agricultural land, and the rest 5% is irrigated land as supplementary irrigation.(2)
\nFarming system in Low Rainfall Area LRA region: The prevailing crop is barley due to its drought tolerance. Farmers in these areas use a disc seeder in sowing. One of the harms of sowing with a disc seeder are the seed depth cannot be determined correctly, and the seed rate cannot be determined correctly, and it also causes severe soil erosion.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

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\n\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629 60 – 80% \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u064a\u0631 40- 20%. \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631 : \u0634\u0639\u064a\u0631 \u2013 \u062a\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u2013 \u0634\u0639\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u0639\u064a\u0631 \u2013 \u0634\u0639\u064a\u0631 , \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0646\u0637\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629 – \u062a\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u2013 \u062d\u0646\u0637\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0646\u0637\u0629 – \u062d\u0646\u0637\u0629 . \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 5% \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0646\u0637\u0629 \u2013\u0628\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u2013 \u062d\u0646\u0637\u0629. \u0625\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 : \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631.
\n\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629 80% \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0646\u0629 20%. \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631 :\u062d\u0646\u0637\u0629 \u062e\u0628\u0632 \u2013 \u062d\u0646\u0637\u0629 \u062e\u0628\u0632 , \u0648\u062d\u0646\u0637\u0629 \u062e\u0634\u0646\u0629 \u2013 \u062d\u0646\u0637\u0629 \u062e\u0634\u0646\u0629, \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 10% \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0646\u0637\u0629 \u2013 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u2013 \u062d\u0646\u0637\u0629. \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 : \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0632\u0648\u063a \u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629.
\n\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629 80% \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0646\u0629 20%. \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a : \u062d\u0646\u0637\u0629 \u062e\u0628\u0632 \u2013 \u062d\u0646\u0637\u0629 \u062e\u0628\u0632 , \u0648\u062d\u0646\u0637\u0629 \u062e\u0634\u0646\u0629 \u2013 \u062d\u0646\u0637\u0629 \u062e\u0634\u0646\u0629 , \u0648 10% \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0646\u0637\u0629 \u2013 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u2013 \u062d\u0646\u0637\u0629. \u0648\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 . \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629: \u0631\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 , \u062b\u0645 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u062b\u0629 , \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629.
\n\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 ( \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629) :
\n1- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631 :
\n\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 80% \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0649
\n2- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631 \u0648\u0632\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 15 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0645 ( \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062f \u062c\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0634\u0644\u0627\u0644).<\/p>\n

Despite of that, the farmer uses the disc seeder because it is drawn machine, does not need hydraulic equipment, and it is able to be drawn by 70 HP capacity tractor. There are two crop rotations in LRA regions, first (barley – fallow – barley) crop rotation and it includes four steps: The first step is waiting the first effective rain (more than 30 mm) to germinate the weed seeds in the field, then implementing the winter tillage (first tillage) to eliminate the weeds. The second step is spring tillage to eliminate the weeds too (the second tillage). The third step: autumn tillage to soften the soil (the third tillage). Step four: sowing the barley. Sowing is done in this region by disc seeder.
\nThe second rotation in this region is: barley – barley rotation , it is continuous seasonally sowing of barley , and the sowing is either before or after the first effective rain falls.(4)
\nFarming system in the Moderate Rainfall Areas MRA region: the prevailing crops are 60-80% bread wheat and 40-20% barley. Crop rotations in MRA are: barley – fallow – barley, barley – barley, wheat – fallow \u2013 wheat, or wheat \u2013 wheat crop rotations. No more than 5% of this area applies a wheat-legume-wheat rotation. The steps of the crop rotation are similar to LRA.(6)
\nFarming system in the High Rainfall Areas HRA region: the prevailing crops are 80% bread wheat and 20% durum wheat. Crop rotations in these regions are: bread wheat – bread wheat, and durum wheat – durum wheat, and not more than 10% wheat \u2013 legume – wheat. Steps of the crop rotation are: always wait for the first effective rainfall, then wait for the emergence of weed plants, then plowing with a disc, followed by sowing with modern seeder.(1)
\nFarming system under Supplementary Irrigation SI region: the prevailing crops are 80% bread wheat and 20% durum wheat. Crop rotations under supplementary irrigation are: bread wheat – bread wheat, and durum wheat – durum wheat, and 10% wheat – legume- wheat. Sometimes vegetables are grown if there is enough water. Steps of the crop rotation are: spraying the field as a substitute for the first effective rain, then plowing the field for weed control, then crop sowing with modern seeder .(3)
\nThe risks facing the agricultural process in the rain-fed areas.
\n1- Climate change in the LRA and MRA regions: Increased drought seasons in these two regions, which represent more than 80% of the area of cultivated land in Nineveh.
\n2- Desertification, and sand dune coverage of the rural houses of many villagers which forced the residents of 15 villages in the Tal Abata district in Nineveh to migrate their villages (photo by Dr. Jassim Khalaf Shallal).<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

3- \u0625\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646.<\/p>\n

3-The farmers’ insistence on using multiple tillage to eliminate the weeds by using a disc seeder has led to severe soil erosion and pollution to the atmosphere of villages and close cities.<\/p>\n

\"\" \"\"<\/p>\n

4- \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f (32 \u0644\u062a\u0631\/ \u0647\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0631) \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648 \u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0627\u062a
\n5- \u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629
\n\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u064a\u0631<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0641\u0629 ( \u0625\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 2005 \u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 2013 . \u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0642\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a :
\n\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062b\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0646\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0649 \u0648 \u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0644\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0643\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u063a\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a:<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 :
\n\u0634\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 . \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 35 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0649 , \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 5 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0631 , \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 4 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 , \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 4 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0643. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0633\u0643\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0628\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0634\u063a\u0627\u0644 2 \u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0648\u0628\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a .<\/p>\n

4-multi tillages cause high fuel consumption (32 liters \/ hectare), which causes an economic loss for farmers due to the high fuel prices, as well as increased pollution of the air by exhaust tractors gases.
\n5-The lack of rains accompanied with a rising in temperature rates: The decrease in the rates of rainfall accompanied by high temperatures led to a decrease in the wheat cultivated area and an increase in the barley cultivated areas.
\nAccording to the previous review, it was planned and implemented a conservative agriculture program in Nineveh province that was administered by the Iraqi Ministry of Agriculture in cooperation with the University of Mosul, with financial and technical support by the Australian side represented by Australian universities and the International Organization for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA). The program activities started in 2005 till 2013.
\nThe program aimed to achieve the elements of comprehensive agriculture development in the target area, which is Nineveh Governorate, and depending on the success of the project in Nineveh, it expanded to include three additional provinces, namely Kirkuk, Salahuddin and Anbar, where the program covered the activities of human development, economic development and environmental development as follows:
\nHuman Development:
\nHuman development included developing the skills of farmers and employees in the four provinces to changing their convictions about old planting methods, and adopting the new planting method of zero tillage through the implementation of field observations in farmers’ fields in Nineveh and the other provinces according under the different environmental sites in them.
\nImplementation of 35 observations in farmers’ fields in Nineveh, 5 observations in farmers\u2019 fields in Anbar, 4 observations in farmers\u2019 fields in Salah al-Din, and 4 observations in farmers\u2019 fields in Kirkuk was done. The beginning of the conservation agriculture project was with the zero tillage planting method, by using a small Indian seeder, with a width of only 2 meters, and without press wheel, to use it as a research pilot implementation.<\/p>\n

\"\" \"\"<\/p>\n

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Then the direct implementation was made in the farmers’ fields after the farmers were introduced to the new technology, its benefits and application mechanisms. The project also provided ZT seeders with a wider working width (3 and 4 meters) with press wheels to use it in the farmers’ fields of large scale.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 .<\/p>\n

The staff of the provinces of Kirkuk, Anbar, and Salah al-Din were also trained in courses inside and outside Iraq to be a field leader and agricultural extension agents for the newly introduced technology.(11)<\/p>\n

\"\" \"\" \"\" \"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629<\/p>\n

Training courses for staff working within the CA program.<\/p>\n

\"\" \"\" \"\" \"\" \"\" \"\" \"\" \"\"<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 60 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642.<\/p>\n

As for farmers, the program has implemented more than 60 training courses and field days for farmers inside and outside Iraq.<\/p>\n

\"\" \"\"\"\"\"\" \"\" \u00a0\"\"<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0648 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0646\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0649
\n\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0629 125 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637.<\/p>\n

In research and academic activity, the program achieved a high level of scientific activity, represented in scientific research and postgraduate studies which implemented within the program of conservative agriculture through researchers at the University of Mosul and researchers in the Nineveh Research Department
\nMore than 125 Research papers, Master and PhD theses as in histogram.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 :
\n\u0625\u0646 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a ( \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a) \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639 . \u0646\u062c\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u062b\u0629 (\u0647\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0631) \u0641\u064a \u0646\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 2005-2006 \u0648\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 2012-2013<\/p>\n

Economic development:
\nThe economic success of the zero tillage technology is that this technology seeks to reduce all inputs (seed rates, fuel, hours of work, a number of employment, equipment maintenance, and the amount of water used for supplemental irrigation). At the same time an increase in the outputs of the agricultural process is achieved to improve farmer income. The program also succeeded in boosting farmers \u2019income and expanding in ZT planting method, as the figure shows the progress in the ZT cultivated areas (ha) in Nineveh, starting from the first season 2005-2006 to the eighth season 2012-2013.(10)<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062c\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0627\u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f .<\/p>\n

The program also succeeded in locally manufacturing of ZT seeders in cooperation with local manufacturers and pioneer farmers. (9)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0631 20 \u0628\u0627\u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0630\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u062b\u0629<\/p>\n

The program also modification of 20 seeders owned by farmers from a traditional seeder to a ZT seeder.(7)<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629:
\n\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629. \u062d\u0642\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u062e\u0641\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u062b\u0629:
\n\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a :-
\n1-10- \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0635 \u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062d\u0642\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f (8 \u0644\u062a\u0631 \/ \u0647\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0631) \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 ( 32 \u0644\u062a\u0631\/\u0647\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0631) , \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 25% , \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 50% , \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0648 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 .
\n2- \u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0642\u0644\u0651\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 . \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629.
\n3- \u0623\u0639\u0637\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0628\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629.\u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649.
\n4- \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 .
\n5- \u062e\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 ( \u0645\u0646 160 \u0643\u063a\u0645\/\u0647\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 100 \u0643\u063a\u0645\/ \u0647\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u062b\u0629)
\n6- \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 . \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0628\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 . \u0645\u0639 \u062d\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0623\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0651\u0644 \u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0641\u0629.
\n7- \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0630\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0631\u0635\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0647\u0627 .
\n8- \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

Environmental development: Conservation Agriculture Reduced desertification and rural migration from the villages to the cities reduce soil erosion and air pollution which was a result of severs tillage\u2019s.
\nThe ZT technique has achieved a noticeable reduction in the risk of wind erosion in fields applied to this technology, in addition to reducing pollution by the tractor exhausts due to the reduction in fuel consumption per unit of agricultural areas.
\nTotal benefits of Zero Tillage:
\nThe main benefits achieved in Zero Tillage were as follows:
\n1- Reducing production expenditures (outputs) where cultivation without tillage (ZT) achieved lower fuel consumption (8 l \/ ha) compared to conventional cultivation (32 l \/ ha), while reducing the seeding rate by 25%, as well as reducing the use of chemical fertilizers to less than 50%, with rationing In the use of herbicides and reduce the operating hours of agricultural machinery, and thus reduce the consumption of spare tools.
\n2-Leaving the harvest residue of the previous crop above the soil surface reduced or prevented any soil erosion. With an improvement the building of organic matter in soil.
\n3-The ZT gave great flexibility in the agricultural process by expanding the available time for the sowing process, with minimized the required time of sowing. The farmer no longer waits for the first effective rain to start plowing (as in conventional Tillage), but rather he can start the sowing process immediately even after the harvest.
\n4-With the third season of continuous use of conservative agriculture, the number of weeds in fields decreased to a minimum level, so that chemical control was no longer required.
\n5-Conservation agriculture reduced the sowing rate used for wheat (from 160 kg \/ ha in conventional tillage to 100 kg \/ hectare in zero tillage.(
\n6-Improving the soil\u2019s ability to retain water by reducing surface runoff and reducing water evaporation from the soil surface. In addition to the highest water harvesting in ZT field compared with CT field.
\n7-The press wheels which added to the ZT seeder had a great role in organizing the seed line section, harvesting better rainwater, as well as compacting the soil over the seed line and increasing contact between grains and soil, and thus the enhanced grain germination and enhanced growth.
\n8-Under supplementary irrigation, the ZT achieved high legalization in the use of irrigation compared to conventional agriculture.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

9- \u062d\u0633\u0646\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0632\u0648\u063a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 . \u0648 \u0627\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u0643\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0642\u0644.
\n10-\u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u060c \u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0631 (\u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u2013 \u062a\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0631- \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644) \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0632\u0632 \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631. [5) (12)<\/p>\n

9- Zero Tillage improved the seedling growth with rapid emergence in the field compared to conventional tillage. Farmers now are able to obtain a higher yield with lower costs.
\n10-Finally, Zero Tillage made it possible to ending all the crop rotations that apply the crop-fallow system, and adopt the continuous cultivation of the crop without interruption, which greatly enhanced the income of the farmer.(5) (12)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

References<\/p>\n

1- Al-Juburi, Neama Hussein and Abdulsattar alrijabo (2012) A study of growth, yield and its components traits of new varieties of wheat and barley crops grown in different environmental regions in Nineveh Province. Mesopotamia Journal of Agriculture, vol. 40, Supplement (1), pp. 94-104. 2012.<\/p>\n

2- Alrijabo, Abdulsattar (2012) Sustainable Agricultural development -access mechanisms study. Seminar of sustainable development presented in College of Engineering – University of Mosul. 2012<\/p>\n

3- Alrijabo Abdulsattar A.(2012) Effect of the new farming system \u2013Zero Tillage in growth, yield and its components of bread wheat and durum wheat crops under supplementary irrigation in Ninevah province . Minia International Conference for Agriculture and Irrigation in the Nile Basin Countries, El-Minia, Egypt..p 576-585. 26 -29 March 2012<\/p>\n

4- Alrijabo Abdulsattar A. (2012) Effect of the new farming system Zero Tillage in growth, yield and its components of barley crop in low rainfall area in Ninevah province. Iraqi J. for Soil Science. Vol. (12) No.(1).p 178-188. 2012.<\/p>\n

5- Alrijabo, Abdulsattar and Abdul Rahman Al-Ajrawi (2013) The effect of cultivation methods, row spacing and the addition of polymer jell in growth, yield and its components of wheat crop Triticum aestivum L. Kirkuk University – the second international scientific conference for agricultural research. 30-31 October 2013.<\/p>\n

6- Alrijabo Abdulsattar A.(2014) Effect of the new farming system Zero Tillage in growth , yield and its components of bread wheat , durum wheat and barley crops in moderate rainfall area in Ninevah province. Mesopotamia J. Agric. Vol. (42) No. (1). 2014.<\/p>\n

7- Abdulsattar A. Alrijabo. Saad A. Asmair Hisham Abdulrahman Ahmed92014) Effect of zero tillage system, seeding rate and row spacing on growth, yield and its components of bread wheat in moderate rainfall area in Nineveh province. Journal of Kirkuk University for Agricultural Sciences Vol. (5) No. (1) 2014<\/p>\n

8- Asmair, Saad Abdul-Jabbar, Abdulsattar Alrijabo and Husham Abdullah (2013) assessed the performance of the modified Caspardo seeder to work under zero tillage system in wheat crop cultivation. University of Kirkuk – the second international scientific conference for agricultural research. 30-31 October 2013<\/p>\n

What is Conservation Agriculture? (9- FAO publication (2015<\/p>\n

10- Jalili S.,Fathi G,Fathi Y, Alrijabo Abdulsattar A.,Piggin C.,Desbiolles J.(2011) Farmer innovation: seeder fabrication and uptake of zero tillage in Iraq. In: Proc. 5th World Congress on Conservation Agriculture, Brisbane Australia, 26\u201329 Sep, pp. 306-308.2011.<\/p>\n

11- Loss S., Feindel D., Haddad A.,Khalil Y. Alrijabo Abdulsattar , Piggin C.(2013) Adoption of conservation cropping in dry land regions of northern Iraq and Syria. Proc. of the Int. Conference on Development of Dry lands, Beijing China. Mar. 2013.<\/p>\n

12- Niama H. darweesh , Abdulsattar A. Alrijabo and Hadi A.Abdullah (2013)The effect of tillage system in yield and its components of bread wheat in Salahaldin province-north of Iraq. Fourth agriculture scientific conference- Anbar Univ.2013<\/p>\n

13- Nineveh vision 2030 (2011) Chapter – Agricultural development and access mechanisms- Alrijabo Abdulsattar. Nineveh province pub. Mosul<\/p>\n

\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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