As part of the scientific activities of the Department of Antiquities and Manuscripts Preservation for the academic year 2025-2026, a seminar entitled "Legal and Customary Significance in Ancient Iraqi Society" was held on Tuesday, December 30, 2025. The seminar, presented by Assistant Professor Dr. Hiba Hazem, focused on branding in ancient Iraq, which served as a legal and customary means of establishing ownership and distinguishing social status, particularly for slaves and livestock. Branding was used as legally recognized evidence, and tampering with or removing it was a punishable offense. The practice of branding reflected a clear class system governed by prevailing [Read More]